Temperature, as a basic and significant environmental parameter, is the temperature vary within which many chemical reactions and organic processes are optimized, and even the performance of some digital circuits is controlled by temperature. Therefore, the measurement of temperature plays a pivotal function in experimentation and engineering, and quite so much of methods have been developed for its detection. Overall, temperature measurement and monitoring are key aspects of scientific research and engineering purposes.
Table of Contents
What is a temperature sensor?
Temperature Sensor Applications
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Thermostat
Thermometers
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
How to decide on a temperature sensor?
How to keep up the temperature sensor?
Summary
What is a temperature sensor?
A temperature sensor is a temperature measuring gadget. It converts heat (temperature) into a readable form similar to an electrical signal corresponding to current, voltage or resistance.
Measuring instrument close up in industry zone
Temperature Sensor Applications
Industrial
Medical subject
Environmental monitoring
Electronic gear
Food and beverage business
Pharmaceutical trade
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature sensors take temperature readings by the use of an electrical signal. They comprise two metals that produce a change in voltage or resistance when the temperature modifications. Temperature sensor work is predicated on measuring the voltage throughout the terminals of a diode. As the voltage will increase, the temperature increases accordingly, at which point there’s a lower in voltage between the terminals and emitter of the transistor.
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Contact Temperature Sensors
A contact temperature sensor is a sensor that must be in direct contact with the thing to be measured to be able to measure its temperature. Contact temperature sensors make the most of different bodily properties (e.g., resistance, voltage, present, etc.) for temperature measurement, and their adjustments can mirror the temperature of the object to be measured.
Thermocouples
Thermocouple temperature sensors are mostly used in industrial, automotive, and on a daily basis household applications. Because they’re self-powered, they don’t require excitation, have fast response times, and may operate over the widest temperature ranges (-328 to 3182 °F/-200 °C to 1750 °C). A thermocouple is a ring of two completely different metal wires wound collectively to produce a voltage change between the 2 metals that’s proportional to the temperature change.
Thermocouples are made from a number of totally different supplies, allowing temperature sensors to measure different temperature ranges and sensitivities. The mostly used thermocouple sensor is the K-type, and all other thermocouples are also designated utilizing the letters (J, R, and T).
Thermistors
A thermistor, similar to an RTD, is a resistor whose resistance modifications with temperature. They are usually made of a polymer or ceramic covered with a glass floor, which is why they’re cheaper and less correct than RTDs. There are two main forms of thermistors: optimistic temperature coefficient (PTC) and negative temperature coefficient (NTC).
Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors are the most common kind and are characterised by a lower in resistance as the temperature increases. This is as a outcome of at greater temperatures, the number of carriers (electrons and holes) within the semiconductor materials will increase, which lowers the resistance. Glass-encapsulated thermistors have an working vary of -72.four to 482 °F (-50 to 250 °C), and normal thermistors have an operating vary as excessive as 302 °F (150 °C).
Apure PCT Thermocouple Temperature Transmitters with RTDs and thermocouples are field-installed temperature transformer models with a two-wire methodology with non-linear correction circuitry for direct measurement in industrial processes.
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
A Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) is a temperature sensor that operates on the precept of measuring temperature by utilizing the property of resistance to alter with temperature. The resistance of a metallic conductor is proportional to its absolute temperature over a given temperature range. The corresponding temperature may be decided by measuring the resistance.RTDs are normally made from pure metals, particularly platinum, which has very good stability and linearity over a big temperature range.
RTD Configuration:
Two-wire: Used when lead lengths are short enough that resistance doesn’t have an effect on accuracy.
Three-wire: This configuration provides an RTD probe to carry the excitation current, thus providing a way to remove line resistance.
Four-wire: This wire eliminates line resistance by combining separate drive and sense leads. This is probably the most correct configuration.
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
AdvantagesDisadvantages
High precisionLow sensitivity
Linear outputHigher worth
Long-term stabilityHigher necessities for present sources
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD Table
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Semiconductor-based temperature sensors are often integrated into integrated circuits (ICs). Two equivalent diodes with temperature-sensitive voltages monitor temperature adjustments. IC sensors have a linear response, however they’ve the lowest temperature sensor accuracy. This is as a end result of ICs have the slowest response over a narrow temperature range (- -70 °C to a hundred and fifty °C).
There are two forms of IC:
Local Temperature Sensors: measure temperature utilizing the physical properties of transistors. They can use analog or digital outputs.
Remote digital temperature sensors: measure the temperature of an external transistor. The transistor is positioned away from the sensor chip.
Thermostat
A thermostat is a tool that mechanically adjusts the temperature, often based on readings from temperature sensors (such as thermocouples, thermistors, or temperature-sensitive capacitors) that measure the temperature of the surroundings. When the measured temperature exceeds or falls beneath a set point, the thermostat prompts or shuts down heating or cooling equipment to maintain up the desired temperature.
There are many kinds of thermostats obtainable, including knob-type, digital, programmable, and good thermostats to fulfill the wants of different customers.
Thermometers
Bimetallic thermometer is a mechanical system for measuring temperature that takes benefit of the truth that two completely different metals have different coefficients of thermal growth. When the temperature modifications, the two metals within the bimetal expand or contract at different charges. Since the 2 metals are tightly certain collectively, this distinction causes the whole bimetal to bend. In thermometers, this bimetal is often made into a spiral or curved form. As the temperature adjustments, the diploma of bimetal bending modifications, and this modification can be learn directly as a change in temperature.
Bimetal thermometers for temperature measurement
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-contact temperature sensors are used to measure the temperature of an object without direct contact with the target surface. They rely on the thermal vitality radiated by the item to measure temperature, the most common sort being infrared (IR) temperature sensors.
Infrared temperature sensors: These sensors measure the depth of infrared radiation emitted by a target object to find out its temperature. They are perfect for use when an object is shifting or the temperature is merely too high or too low, as they do not need to return into contact with the object itself.
Thermal imaging cameras: Thermal imaging cameras are also infrared sensors that measure and produce a two-dimensional image of the temperature distribution on the floor of an object.
Non-contact temperature sensors are utilized in all kinds of business and scientific applications, together with temperature management of electronic gadgets, monitoring of chemical reactions, food high quality control, and medical diagnostics.
Non-contact infrared sensors measure the temperature of commercial devices
How to choose a temperature sensor?
Measuring range: Different temperature sensors have totally different measuring ranges. First determine the temperature range that needs to be measured, and choose a sensor that may meet this vary.
Accuracy: Accuracy is one other important choice factor for temperature sensors. Different sensor types have different accuracies. Typically, RTDs and thermistors have higher accuracies, while thermocouples have decrease accuracies.
Environment: Temperature sensors are affected by their working surroundings, such as humidity, corrosive substances, high stress and different environmental situations.
Application: Application eventualities require a quick response to temperature adjustments, so it is essential to choose a sensor with a fast response time.
Valve stem (sheath): Thermocouples and RTDs are supplied with 316 stainless steel rods and inside wiring coated with powdered ceramic. Screw head types are available in two stem varieties: spring-loaded and welded. The spring-loaded stem is mounted to the underside of the thermocouple sleeve for max thermal sensitivity. Welded stems are ideal for liquid functions.
How to take care of the temperature sensor?
Periodic Sensor Cleaning
Periodic calibration
Check electrical connections
Avoid extreme environments
Record and analyze information
Summary
Which temperature sensor to use is determined by your utility and trade, when you have any questions about temperature sensors or want temperature transmitter, be happy to contact Apure professional and technical team to offer an answer. We additionally provide devices for water high quality analysis, move meters, degree measurement, pressure measurement, ozone turbines and temperature controller.
Extended studying:
Dissolved Oxygen Probe How It Works?
Surface Water vs Groundwater
What Is Municipal Water?
Types of degree measurement transmitters
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Temperature, as a fundamental and critical environmental parameter, is the temperature vary inside which many chemical reactions and biological processes are optimized, and even the performance of some digital circuits is managed by temperature. Therefore, the measurement of temperature performs a pivotal role in experimentation and engineering, and quite so much of strategies have been developed for its detection. Overall, temperature measurement and monitoring are key elements of scientific analysis and engineering applications.
Table of Contents
What is a temperature sensor?
Temperature Sensor Applications
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Thermostat
Thermometers
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
How to decide on a temperature sensor?
How to take care of the temperature sensor?
Summary
What is a temperature sensor?
A temperature sensor is a temperature measuring system. It converts heat (temperature) into a readable kind similar to an electrical sign similar to present, voltage or resistance.
Measuring instrument close up in business zone
Temperature Sensor Applications
Industrial
Medical subject
Environmental monitoring
Electronic equipment
Food and beverage industry
Pharmaceutical industry
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature sensors take temperature readings by the use of an electrical sign. They include two metals that produce a change in voltage or resistance when the temperature modifications. Temperature sensor work is predicated on measuring the voltage throughout the terminals of a diode. As the voltage increases, the temperature increases accordingly, at which point there is a lower in voltage between the terminals and emitter of the transistor.
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Contact Temperature Sensors
A contact temperature sensor is a sensor that must be in direct contact with the object to be measured so as to measure its temperature. Contact temperature sensors make the most of completely different bodily properties (e.g., resistance, voltage, current, etc.) for temperature measurement, and their changes can reflect the temperature of the object to be measured.
Thermocouples
Thermocouple temperature sensors are mostly utilized in industrial, automotive, and on a regular basis household applications. Because they’re self-powered, they don’t require excitation, have quick response occasions, and can operate over the widest temperature ranges (-328 to 3182 °F/-200 °C to 1750 °C). A thermocouple is a hoop of two completely different metallic wires wound together to supply a voltage change between the 2 metals that is proportional to the temperature change.
Thermocouples are produced from a quantity of completely different materials, allowing temperature sensors to measure different temperature ranges and sensitivities. The mostly used thermocouple sensor is the K-type, and all different thermocouples are also designated using the letters (J, R, and T).
Thermistors
A thermistor, similar to an RTD, is a resistor whose resistance adjustments with temperature. They are often made of a polymer or ceramic covered with a glass floor, which is why they’re cheaper and less accurate than RTDs. There are two primary kinds of thermistors: optimistic temperature coefficient (PTC) and negative temperature coefficient (NTC).
Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors are the most typical kind and are characterized by a decrease in resistance as the temperature will increase. This is because at higher temperatures, the number of carriers (electrons and holes) within the semiconductor materials will increase, which lowers the resistance. Glass-encapsulated thermistors have an working vary of -72.four to 482 °F (-50 to 250 °C), and commonplace thermistors have an operating range as excessive as 302 °F (150 °C).
Apure PCT Thermocouple Temperature Transmitters with RTDs and thermocouples are field-installed temperature transformer models with a two-wire technique with non-linear correction circuitry for direct measurement in industrial processes.
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
A Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) is a temperature sensor that operates on the principle of measuring temperature by utilizing the property of resistance to alter with temperature. The resistance of a metallic conductor is proportional to its absolute temperature over a given temperature vary. The corresponding temperature could be decided by measuring the resistance.RTDs are often made from pure metals, especially platinum, which has very good stability and linearity over a large temperature range.
RTD Configuration:
Two-wire: Used when lead lengths are quick sufficient that resistance doesn’t affect accuracy.
Three-wire: This configuration provides an RTD probe to carry the excitation present, thus offering a approach to remove line resistance.
Four-wire: This wire eliminates line resistance by combining separate drive and sense leads. This is the most correct configuration.
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
AdvantagesDisadvantages
High precisionLow sensitivity
Linear outputHigher worth
Long-term stabilityHigher necessities for present sources
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD Table
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Semiconductor-based temperature sensors are usually built-in into integrated circuits (ICs). Two identical diodes with temperature-sensitive voltages monitor temperature adjustments. IC sensors have a linear response, however they have the bottom temperature sensor accuracy. This is as a result of ICs have the slowest response over a narrow temperature vary (- -70 °C to a hundred and fifty °C).
There are two types of IC:
Local Temperature Sensors: measure temperature using the bodily properties of transistors. They can use analog or digital outputs.
Remote digital temperature sensors: measure the temperature of an exterior transistor. The transistor is situated away from the sensor chip.
Thermostat
A thermostat is a device that mechanically adjusts the temperature, normally based on readings from temperature sensors (such as thermocouples, thermistors, or temperature-sensitive capacitors) that measure the temperature of the surroundings. When the measured temperature exceeds or falls under a set level, the thermostat prompts or shuts down heating or cooling tools to take care of the specified temperature.
There are many kinds of thermostats out there, together with knob-type, digital, programmable, and sensible thermostats to satisfy the needs of different customers.
Thermometers
Bimetallic thermometer is a mechanical gadget for measuring temperature that takes advantage of the truth that two different metals have completely different coefficients of thermal expansion. When the temperature adjustments, the two metals within the bimetal increase or contract at completely different charges. Since the 2 metals are tightly bound collectively, this difference causes the entire bimetal to bend. In thermometers, this bimetal is often made right into a spiral or curved shape. As the temperature modifications, the diploma of bimetal bending adjustments, and this modification can be read instantly as a change in temperature.
Bimetal thermometers for temperature measurement
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-contact temperature sensors are used to measure the temperature of an object without direct contact with the goal floor. They depend on the thermal vitality radiated by the thing to measure temperature, the most typical kind being infrared (IR) temperature sensors.
Infrared temperature sensors: These sensors measure the intensity of infrared radiation emitted by a goal object to determine its temperature. They are perfect for use when an object is moving or the temperature is simply too excessive or too low, as they don’t want to come back into contact with the thing itself.
ที่วัดแรงดัน : Thermal imaging cameras are also infrared sensors that measure and produce a two-dimensional picture of the temperature distribution on the floor of an object.
Non-contact temperature sensors are used in a broad variety of commercial and scientific purposes, including temperature management of digital units, monitoring of chemical reactions, meals high quality control, and medical diagnostics.
Non-contact infrared sensors measure the temperature of business instruments
How to decide on a temperature sensor?
Measuring range: Different temperature sensors have totally different measuring ranges. First determine the temperature vary that must be measured, and choose a sensor that can meet this vary.
Accuracy: Accuracy is one other essential choice issue for temperature sensors. Different sensor sorts have totally different accuracies. Typically, RTDs and thermistors have higher accuracies, whereas thermocouples have decrease accuracies.
Environment: Temperature sensors are affected by their operating environment, similar to humidity, corrosive substances, excessive pressure and other environmental circumstances.
Application: Application scenarios require a fast response to temperature changes, so it is very important choose a sensor with a quick response time.
Valve stem (sheath): Thermocouples and RTDs are supplied with 316 chrome steel rods and inside wiring coated with powdered ceramic. Screw head kinds can be found in two stem sorts: spring-loaded and welded. The spring-loaded stem is mounted to the underside of the thermocouple sleeve for maximum thermal sensitivity. Welded stems are perfect for liquid purposes.
How to take care of the temperature sensor?
Periodic Sensor Cleaning
Periodic calibration
Check electrical connections
Avoid excessive environments
Record and analyze data
Summary
Which temperature sensor to use is dependent upon your application and industry, in case you have any questions on temperature sensors or need temperature transmitter, be at liberty to contact Apure skilled and technical staff to supply a solution. We additionally supply devices for water high quality evaluation, circulate meters, stage measurement, strain measurement, ozone turbines and temperature controller.
Extended reading:
Dissolved Oxygen Probe How It Works?
Surface Water vs Groundwater
What Is Municipal Water?
Types of degree measurement transmitters